Enhanced Skin Permeation of Naltrexone by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Human Skin in Vitro

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the skin permeation of naltrexone (NTX) under the influence of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). The permeation of NTX across human epidermis and a silicone membrane in vitro was monitored during and after application of the PEMF and compared to passive application. Enhancement ratios of NTX human epidermis permeation by PEMF over passive diffusion, calculated based on the AUC of cumulative NTX permeation to the receptor compartment verses time for 0-4 h, 4-8 h, and over the entire experiment (0-8 h) were 6.52, 5.25, and 5.66, respectively.
Observation of the curve indicated an initial enhancement of NTX permeation compared to passive delivery whilst the PEMF was active (0-4 h). This was followed by a secondary phase after termination of PEMF energy (4-8 h) in which there was a steady increase in NTX permeation. No significant enhancement of NTX penetration across silicone membrane occurred with PEMF application in comparison to passively applied NTX.
In a preliminary experiment PEMF enhanced the penetration of 10 nm gold nanoparticles through the stratum corneum as visualized by multiphoton microscopy. This suggests that the channels through which the nanoparticles move must be larger than the 10 nm diameter of these rigid particles.
Krishnan G, Edwards J, Chen Y, Benson HAE. Enhanced skin permeation of naltrexone by pulsed electromagnetic fields in human skin in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 2010. 99: 2724-2731. Correspondence to Heather A.E. Benson, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, at mailto:%20h.benson@curtin.edu.au or 618-9266-2338.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123213574/abstract

A comparative study on the efficacy of PEMF therapy and interferential therapy in the management of ankle sprains

http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=10&issueid=103&articleid=1422&action=article

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy is non-static, unlike therapy with magnets, which is static.Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy is used in two main ways: Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) or a special version of PEMF called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS). PEMF therapy has been used to stimulate bone repair in non union and other fractures since the 1970s. This is an accepteduse, which has been approved bythe FDA. Although bone has a remarkable capacity to heal from injury, in some cases the brokenends do not join: these are called non-union fractures. PEMF has shown promise for other conditions as well. Now, many studies are showing its benefits in healing soft-tissue wounds; suppressing inflammatory responses at the cell membranelevel to alleviate pain, and increase range of motion. PEMF is now being investigated experimentally for osteoarthritis,stress incontinence, migraines,and many other conditions.